Sampling reflex as a new manometric marker in the diagnosis of defecation disorders: systematic review

Introduction: Distension of the rectum wall and subsequent momentary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) trigger a reflex called the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR). This same rectal distension causes a reflex contraction of the external anal sphincter (EAS), responsible for conscious continence called rectoanal excitatory reflex (RAER). This set of reflexes are named sampling reflex. Objectives: The sampling reflex is necessary to initiate defecation or flatulence. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sampling reflex and its practical applicability as a manometric marker of the main defecation disorders. Methodology: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) items. The development method consisted of searching for articles in the research platforms BVS, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO and ScienceDirect and for the selection of articles the Rayyan Platform was used. The articles resulting from the search strategies were added to the platform and five collaborators were invited for the blind selection. Finally, 6 articles were included in the final review. Results: An intact sampling reflex allows the individual to facilitate discrimination between flatus and stool and to choose whether to discharge or retain rectal contents. On the other hand, an impaired sampling reflex can predispose an individual to incontinence. Therefore, it was observed that patients with defecation disorders had an impaired sampling reflex, since it was found that constipated patients have incomplete opening of the IAS, lower amplitude of RAIR and increase of RAER. Most incontinent patients present a failure in the recruitment of the EAS, a decrease in the RAER and an increase in the RAIR, in duration and amplitude. (AU)

The impact of bariatric and metabolic surgery on the morbidity and mortality of patients infected during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Since the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020, several studies have shown a strong relationship between obesity and severe cases of COVID-19. It is imperative to assess whether bariatric surgery exerts a protective effect in such cases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the impact of bariatric surgery on the morbidity and mortality in obese patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive search was performed using the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort studies conducted in the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: The search comprised the following descriptors: "bariatric, surgery, COVID-19". Current retrospective cohort studies that examined the influence of bariatric surgery on the morbidity and mortality of obese patients during the COVID-19 pandemic were considered eligible. RESULTS: After removing duplicates, 184 studies were obtained from the databases. Of these, 181 were excluded from the analysis as they did not meet the eligibility criteria. Patients undergoing postoperative follow-up of bariatric surgery had a similar probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population, and persistent comorbidities were associated with an increased risk and severity of infection. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery has a protective effect against severe COVID-19 in the obese population, bringing the prevalence of severe disease cases to levels equivalent to those of the nonobese general population, with a positive impact on morbidity and mortality.

The impact of bariatric and metabolic surgery on the morbidity and mortality of patients infected during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Since the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020, several studies have shown a strong relationship between obesity and severe cases of COVID-19. It is imperative to assess whether bariatric surgery exerts a protective effect in such cases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the impact of bariatric surgery on the morbidity and mortality in obese patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive search was performed using the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort studies conducted in the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: The search comprised the following descriptors: "bariatric, surgery, COVID-19". Current retrospective cohort studies that examined the influence of bariatric surgery on the morbidity and mortality of obese patients during the COVID-19 pandemic were considered eligible. RESULTS: After removing duplicates, 184 studies were obtained from the databases. Of these, 181 were excluded from the analysis as they did not meet the eligibility criteria. Patients undergoing postoperative follow-up of bariatric surgery had a similar probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the general population, and persistent comorbidities were associated with an increased risk and severity of infection. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery has a protective effect against severe COVID-19 in the obese population, bringing the prevalence of severe disease cases to levels equivalent to those of the nonobese general population, with a positive impact on morbidity and mortality.

Malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis to clear cell carcinoma: case report

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Malignant transformation of endometriosis in the abdominal wall is a rare and still poorly understood event. Less than 30 cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. Most cases of solid tumors are report in a previous abdominal scar with malignant transformation of a focus of endometriosis. Presence of lymph node metastases in nearby chains is frequent and is associated with poor prognosis. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 42-year-old woman with a history of abdominal surgery (Pfannenstiel) to resect abdominal wall endometriosis. Physical examination revealed a solid mass of approximately 10 cm x 6 cm in the anterior wall of the abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed a heterogeneous, predominantly hypoattenuating expansive formation measuring 10.6 cm x 4.7 cm x 8.3 cm. The patient underwent exploratory incisional laparotomy, block resection of the abdominal mass and lymphadenectomy of the external and inguinal iliac chains. The abdominal wall was reconstructed using a semi-absorbable tissue-separating screen to reconstitute the defect caused by resection of the tumor. Histological evaluation revealed infiltration by malignant epithelioid neoplasia, thus confirming the immunohistochemical profile of adenocarcinoma with clear cell components. Lymphadenectomy showed metastatic involvement of an external iliac chain lymph node. CONCLUSION: Resection of the mass along with the abdominal wall, with wall margins, is the most effective treatment. Reconstruction is a challenge for surgeons. The patient has been followed up postoperatively for eight months, without any evidence of disease to date.

Malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis to clear cell carcinoma: case report.

BACKGROUND: Malignant transformation of endometriosis in the abdominal wall is a rare and still poorly understood event. Less than 30 cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. Most cases of solid tumors are report in a previous abdominal scar with malignant transformation of a focus of endometriosis. Presence of lymph node metastases in nearby chains is frequent and is associated with poor prognosis. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 42-year-old woman with a history of abdominal surgery (Pfannenstiel) to resect abdominal wall endometriosis. Physical examination revealed a solid mass of approximately 10 cm x 6 cm in the anterior wall of the abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed a heterogeneous, predominantly hypoattenuating expansive formation measuring 10.6 cm x 4.7 cm x 8.3 cm. The patient underwent exploratory incisional laparotomy, block resection of the abdominal mass and lymphadenectomy of the external and inguinal iliac chains. The abdominal wall was reconstructed using a semi-absorbable tissue-separating screen to reconstitute the defect caused by resection of the tumor. Histological evaluation revealed infiltration by malignant epithelioid neoplasia, thus confirming the immunohistochemical profile of adenocarcinoma with clear cell components. Lymphadenectomy showed metastatic involvement of an external iliac chain lymph node. CONCLUSION: Resection of the mass along with the abdominal wall, with wall margins, is the most effective treatment. Reconstruction is a challenge for surgeons. The patient has been followed up postoperatively for eight months, without any evidence of disease to date.

Tratamento não cirúrgico bem sucedido de pneumoretroperitônio causado por CPRE / Successful nonsurgical treatment of pneumoretroperitoneum following ERCP

Complicações relacionadas à colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) incluem pancreatite, hemorragia, colangite e perfuração. A perfuração relacionada à CPRE é infrequente, entretanto apresenta taxas de mortalidades elevadas. O diagnóstico requer um alto grau de suspeição clínica para a detecção precoce para permitir o tratamento adequado da perfuração e melhor prognóstico. O tratamento depende da localização e mecanismo da perfuração. Relatamos um caso de tratamento não operatório de um paciente com extenso retropneumoperitônio após perfuração por CPRE.

Complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) include pancreatitis, hemorrhage, cholangitis, and perforation. ERCP-related perforation is uncommon, but mortality rates are high. Diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion for early detection to allow optimalmanagement of the perforation and a better prognosis. Treatment depends on the location and mechanism and increasingly involves nonoperative management. We report a case of successful nonsurgical treatment of a patient with extensive air involving the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, thorax, mediastinum, and subcutaneous tissues following an ERCP perforation.

Estudo das telas cirúrgicas de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25 e polipropileno monofilamentar no reparo de hérnias inguinais / Study of surgical meshes of polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 and monofilament polypropylene in the repair of inguinal hernias

OBJETIVO: Aferir complicações pós-operatórias imediatas e tardias em pacientes portadores de hérnia inguinal submetidos à correção cirúrgica, comparando a utilização da tela de polipropileno monofilamentar com a tela de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo dos pacientes submetidos ao reparo inguinal com uso de tela cirúrgica, avaliando as complicações precoces e tardias por meio de levantamento de prontuários e contato telefônico. Foram utilizadas telas de polipropileno monofilamentar e telas polipropileno com poliglecaprone-25, sendo os pacientes alocados em cada um dos grupos de forma aleatorizada. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 114 pacientes no estudo submetidos ao reparo inguinal pela técnica de Lichtenstein. No grupo que utilizou a tela de polipropileno monofilamentar (81,5%), foram identificados quatro pacientes (4,30%) com seroma, dois (2,15%) com hematoma, dois (2,15%) apresentaram infecção de ferida operatória, três (3,22%) apresentaram hipoestesia, nove (9,67%) apresentaram dor ou desconforto crônico na região inguinal e não houve casos de recorrência da hérnia no período. No grupo que utilizou a tela de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25 (18,5%), foram identificados um paciente (4,76%) com seroma e um (4,76%) com hipoestesia e dois pacientes (9,52%) apresentaram desconforto ou dor crônica. CONCLUSÃO: O reparo inguinal com uso de tela foi o meio mais eficiente para o tratamento da hérnia inguinal apresentando baixos índices de complicação e fácil aplicabilidade O uso das telas de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25 ainda não está totalmente estabelecido, apresentando taxas globais de complicações iguais às telas de polipropileno monofilamentar.

OBJECTIVE: To assess postoperative early and late complications in patients with inguinal hernia undergoing surgical correction, comparing the use of monofilament polypropylene mesh with polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 mesh. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients undergoing inguinal repair with the use of surgical mesh, evaluating early and late complications through the analysis of medical records, and telephone contact. Monofilament polypropylene mesh and polypropylene/polyglecaprone-25 mesh were used, with the patients being randomly allocated to each group. RESULTS:The study included 114 patients who underwent inguinal repair through Lichtenstein technique. In the group that used the monofilament polypropylene mesh (81.5%) 4 patients (4.30%) were identified with seroma, 2 patients (2.15%) with hematoma, 2 patients (2.15%) had surgical wound infection, 3 patients (3.22%) had hypoesthesia, 9 patients (9.67%) had chronic pain or discomfort in the groin, and there were no cases of recurrence of hernia in the period. In the group that used the polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 mesh (18.5%), 1 patient (4.76%) had seroma, 1 patient (4.76%) had hypoesthesia, and 2 patients (9.52%) showed chronic discomfort or pain. CONCLUSION: The inguinal repair with mesh use is the most efficient treatment for inguinal hernia, showing low rate of complications, and being easy to apply. The use of polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 mesh is not yet fully established, presenting overall rates of complications similar to monofilament polypropylene mesh.

Uso do n-butil cianoacrilato em cirurgias da parede abdominal. Revisão da literatura / Use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate in surgeries of the abdominal wall. Literature review

O uso de adesivos teciduais à base de cianoacrilato como alternativa às suturas mecânicas tem despertado grande interesse entre os cirurgiões, pela promoção de uma adesão de qualidade dos tecidos em tempo reduzido e, ainda, por suas propriedades hemostáticas e bacteriostáticas. Neste contexto, a presente revisão discute as propriedades dos diversos tipos de adesivos teciduais e suas indicações nas cirurgias da parede abdominal.

The use of cyanoacrylate-based tissue adhesives as an alternative to surgical stapling has arisen great interest among surgeons, for promoting quality tissue adhesion in reduced time, and also for its hemostatic and bacteriostatic properties. In this context, this review discusses the properties of various types of tissue adhesives, and their indications for surgery of the abdominal wall.

Abscesso esplênico - relato de três casos / Splenic abscess - report of three cases

Introdução: o abscesso esplênico é uma patologia rara, com cerca de 600 casos descritos na literatura internacional até o momento. Embora tenha etiologia variada, geralmente está associada a traumas e infecções. É o último mais frequente na presença de um sitio primário de infecção, especialmente em condições com disseminação hematogênica. Além disso, a imunossupressão parece ser um importante fator de risco. O exame clínico geralmente revela um quadro típico de dor em hipocôndrio esquerdo, náuseas e sinais de toxemia enquanto os achados laboratoriais se resumem em aumento das provas inflamatórias. O diagnóstico geralmente se baseia nos achados clínicos e exames de imagem como ultrassonografia e tomografia de abdome contrastada. O tratamento é variável de acordo com o número de abcessos, tamanho e localização, podendo ser de tratamento clínico com antibioticoterapia sistêmica e drenagem percutânea até esplenectomia total, sendo este associado à rápida melhora clínica e menor índice de complicações tardias.

Background: the splenic abscess and a rare condition, with about 600 cases reported in the literature to date. Although varied etiology, is generally associated with trauma and infection. The last more frequent in the presence of a primary site of infection, especially conditions with hematogenous dissemination. Furthermore, immunosuppression appears to be an important risk factor. The clinical examination usually reveals a typical picture of pain in the left upper quadrant, nausea and signs of toxemia while laboratory findings are summarized in increased inflammatory markers. The diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings and imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT of the abdomen contrasted. Treatment varies according to the number of abscesses, size and location may be of clinical treatment with systemic antibiotics and percutaneous drainage to total splenectomy, which is associated with rapid clinical and lower rate of late complications.

Peritonite por Neisseria meningitidis sorotipo C - relato de caso / Neisseria meningitidis peritonitis serotype C - case report

Introdução: a manifestação da doença meningocócica como um abdome agudo com peritonite meningocócica é rara. Relatamos um quadro de peritonite primária e bacteremia por Neisseria meningitidis do sorotipo C, ocorrendo em conjunto com o quadro de abdome agudo obstrutivo. Relato de caso: homem de 27 anos atendido com quadro de abdome agudo acompanhado de febre e parada de eliminação de gazes e fezes há 3 dias, sendo o estudo radiológico mostrando apenas níveis hidroaéreos de delgado. O exame físico apresentava sinais de peritonite. Indicado laparotomia exploradora que evidenciou apenas bridas espessas e secreção purulenta intrabdominal, sendo enviado o material para cultura mostrado a presença de Neisseria meningitidis peritoneal. Evoluiu com meningite com meningococcemia após 48 horas. Conclusão: embora seja uma causa etiológica rara de peritonite aguda, a infecção por Neisseria meningitidis deve ser aventada em casos de peritonite na emergência.

Background: the inicial manifestation of meningococcal disease as an acute abdomen with meningococcal peritonitis is rare. We describe a case for primary peritonitis and bacteremia caused by Neisseria meningitidis serotype C occurring in conjunction with the obstructive acute abdomen. Case report: man with 27 years-old look for assistance with acute abdomen associated with fever and absence of flatus and evacuation for 3 days and radiological study with stool showing air-fluid levels. The physical examination showed signs of peritonitis. Indicated laparotomy which showed only thick flanges and intrabdominal purulent material culture to show the presence of Neisseria meningitidis peritoneal being sent. Evolved to meningitis with meningococcemia after 48 hours. Conclusion: although rare etiological cause of acute peritonitis, the infection with Neisseria meningitidis be suggested as in emergency cases of peritonitis.

Análise comparativa de lesão iatrogênica de vias biliares em colecistectomiasconvencional e videolaparoscópicas / Comparative analysis of iatrogenic lesion of bile ducts in conventional and videolaparoscopic cholecystectomies

Objetivos: estudar comparativamente os casos de lesões iatrogênicas de vias biliares ocorridas em colecistectomias convencionais e videolaparoscópicas realizadas no Serviço de Cirurgia Geral e Gastrocirurgia do Hospital Ipiranga UGA-II, avaliando seus prováveis fatores causais, complicações e o seguimento no pós-operatório. Método: estudo de coorte retrospectiva, com análise de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a colecistectomias convencionais (CC) e videolaparoscópicas (CC-VLP) no período de dois anos (de 1o/01/2010 a 31/12/2011), analisando comparativamente as lesões de via biliar decorrentes do procedimento cirúrgico.

Objectives: to comparatively study cases of iatrogenic lesions of bile ducts that occur during in conventional and videolaparoscopic cholecystectomies carried out in the General Surgery Service and Gastro-surgery at the Ipiranga Hospital UGA-II, evaluating their likely causal factors, complications, and postoperative follow-up. Method: this was a retrospective cohort study comparatively analyzing biliary lesions arising from the surgical procedure by the analysis of medical records of patients undergoing conventional (CC) and videolaparoscopic (CC-VLP) cholecystectomies within the period of two years (from 01/01/2010 to 12/31/2011).

Comparative analysis of iatrogenic injury of biliary tract in laparotomic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy / Análise comparativa de lesão iatrogênica de vias biliares em colecistectomias laparotômicas e videolaparoscópicas

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic injury to the bile ducts is the most feared complication of cholecystectomy and several are the possibilities to occur. AIM: To compare the cases of iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tract occurring in conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, assessing the likely causal factors, complications and postoperative follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with analysis of records of patients undergoing conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All the patients were analyzed in two years. The only criterion for inclusion was to be operative bile duct injury, regardless of location or time of diagnosis. There were no exclusion criteria. Epidemiological data of patients, time of diagnosis of the lesion and its location were analyzed. RESULTS: Total of 515 patients with gallstones was operated, 320 (62.1 %) by laparotomy cholecystectomy and 195 by laparoscopic approach. The age of patients with bile duct injury ranged from 29-70 years. Among those who underwent laparotomy cholecystectomy, four cases were diagnosed (1.25 %) with lesions, corresponding to 0.77 % of the total patients. No patient had iatrogenic interventions with laparoscopic surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to laparotomy, had a lower rate of bile duct injury. .

RACIONAL: A lesão iatrogênica das vias biliares representa a complicação mais temida na colecistectomia e vários são seus fatores desencadeantes. OBJETIVOS: Estudar comparativamente os casos de lesões iatrogênicas de vias biliares ocorridas em colecistectomias convencionais e videolaparoscópicas, avaliando os prováveis fatores causais, complicações e o seguimento pós-operatório. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, com análise de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à colecistectomias convencionais e videolaparoscópicas. Foram analisados todos os pacientes operados no período de dois anos. O critério de inclusão único foi o de existir lesão operatória da via biliar, independentemente de sua localização ou tempo de diagnóstico. Não houve critérios de exclusão. Foram analisados dados epidemiológicos dos pacientes, tempo de diagnóstico da lesão e sua localização. RESULTADOS: Total de 515 pacientes portadores de litíase biliar foi operado, senod 320 (62,1%) por colecistectomia laparotômica e 195 por videolaparoscópica. A idade dos pacientes com lesão de via biliar variou de 29-70 anos. Entre os submetidos à colecistectomia laparotômica, foram diagnosticados quatro casos (1,25%) com lesão de via biliar, correspondendo à 0,77% do total de pacientes. Nenhum paciente teve iatrogênese com a videocirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: A colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, comparativamente à colecistectomia laparotômica, apresentou menor taxa de lesão de via biliar. .

Tumor miofibroblástico inflamatório da vesícula biliar: relato de caso / Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the gallbladder: case report

Introdução: tumor miofibroblástico inflamatório (TMI) é um tumor benigno, não metastizante, que ocorre por proliferação de miofibroblastos com potencial para infiltração e recorrência local, sendo o TMI primário da vesícula biliar é uma entidade rara. Relato de Caso: relatamos um caso de um homem de 62 anos, que realizou colecistectomia por colecistite aguda. O exame histopatológico revelou um tumor miofibroblástico inflamatório da vesícula biliar com marcadores positivos para vimentina, actina de músculo liso, desmina, CD68, CD34, CD45, ALK-1 e KI-67. Conclusão: tumores miofibroblásticos inflamatórios de vesícula biliar podem simular quadro de colecistite aguda. O método terapêutico deve ser a ressecção cirúrgica para evitar recorrência local. O diagnóstico pré-operatório é difícil e deve-se ter alto índice de suspeição mesmo em pacientes sem achados radiológicos.

Background: inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a nonmetastasizing benign tumor that occurs by proliferation of myofibroblasts with a potential for infiltration and local recurrence is the primary IMT gallbladder is a rare entity. Case Report: we report a case of a 62 year-old man, who performed cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. The histopathology examination revealed an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the gallbladder with positive markers for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, desmin, CD68, CD34, CD45, ALK-1 and KI-67. Conclusion: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of gallbladder can mimic acute cholecystitis. The therapeutic method should be surgical resection to avoid recurrence site. The preoperative diagnosis is difficult and should have a high index of suspicion in patients without radiological findings.

Comparative analysis of iatrogenic injury of biliary tract in laparotomic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic injury to the bile ducts is the most feared complication of cholecystectomy and several are the possibilities to occur. AIM: To compare the cases of iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tract occurring in conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, assessing the likely causal factors, complications and postoperative follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with analysis of records of patients undergoing conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All the patients were analyzed in two years. The only criterion for inclusion was to be operative bile duct injury, regardless of location or time of diagnosis. There were no exclusion criteria. Epidemiological data of patients, time of diagnosis of the lesion and its location were analyzed. RESULTS: Total of 515 patients with gallstones was operated, 320 (62.1 %) by laparotomy cholecystectomy and 195 by laparoscopic approach. The age of patients with bile duct injury ranged from 29-70 years. Among those who underwent laparotomy cholecystectomy, four cases were diagnosed (1.25 %) with lesions, corresponding to 0.77 % of the total patients. No patient had iatrogenic interventions with laparoscopic surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to laparotomy, had a lower rate of bile duct injury.

Atuação do Time de Resposta Rápida no processo educativo de atendimento da parada cardiorrespiratória / Performance of the Rapid Response Team in the educational process for cardiopulmonary arrest care

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A criação de Times de Resposta Rápida (TRR) dentro das instituições de saúde tem aumentado paralelamente ao maior interesse na melhoria da qualidade da assistência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o conhecimento da equipe multiprofissional (enfermagem e fisioterapia) no reconhecimento e tratamento da parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) e mostrar um modelo de gestão do time de resposta rápida no processo educacional destes profissionais. MÉTODOS: Aplicou-se um questionário para avaliação do conhecimento do reconhecimento da parada cardiorrespiratória da equipe multiprofissional. Depois foi realizado treinamento pelo Times de Resposta Rápida e feita avaliação após o treinamento. RESULTADOS: No grupo de enfermeiros, a nota média no pré-teste foi de 5,83 ± 1,95 e 8,87 ± 1,25, no pós-teste. Dentre os fisioterapeutas,as notas médias foram 4,02 ± 1,85 e 9,00 ± 1,24, no pré e pós-teste respectivamente. No grupo composto de auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem, a nota de pré-teste foi de 4,85 ± 1,93 no pré-teste e 7,70 ± 1,72 no pós-teste. CONCLUSÃO:Os resultados mostram deficiência no conhecimento da equipe multiprofissional diante das situações de parada cardiorrespiratória , sendo importante a realização de programas de educação continuada para a equipe.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The creation of Rapid Response Teams (RRT) within the health institutions has been increasing parallel to the increased interest in improving the quality of care. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the knowledge of the multidisciplinary team (nursing and physiotherapy) in the recognition and treatment of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and show a model for managing the rapid response team regarding the educational process of these professionals. METHODS: We gave a questionnaire to evaluate the multidisciplinary team knowledge on the recognition of cardiac arrest.After this, Rapid Response Teams was trained, and eventually evaluated. RESULTS: In the group of nurses, the average scorein the pretest was 5.83 ± 1.95 and 8.87 ± 1.25 at posttest. Among the physiotherapists, the average scores were 4.02 ± 1.85 and 9.00 ± 1.24 in pre-and posttest, respectively. In the group of nurse assistants and technicians, the pre-test score was 4.85 ± 1.93 and 7.70 ± 1.72 at posttest. CONCLUSION: There sults of this study show little knowledge of the multidisciplinary team in situations of cardiac arrest, and that it is important to conduct continuing education programs for the team.

Condutas no paciente com trauma cranioencefálico: [revisão] / Managements in patients with traumatic brain injury: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Definir e atualizar protocolos de atendimento a vítimas de trauma cranioencefálico (TCE) na emergência médica, visando o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce.Há aumento do interesse em se definir protocolos e condutas de atendimento para vítimas de TCE, visando não somente ocontrole e estabilização da pressão intracraniana (PIC) e da pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC), mas também de todos os outros parâmetros de suporte hemodinâmico adequado ao paciente com TCE, visando a redução de complicações pós-trauma e na taxa demortalidade. CONTEÚDO: O TCE tem grande impacto na saúde da população em geral, tendo notória importância tanto na morbidade quanto na mortalidade no trauma, representando aproximadamente 15% a 20% das mortes em pessoas com idade entre 5 e 35 anos e é responsável por 1% de todas as mortes em adultos. Nos Estados Unidos são admitidos por ano, mais de 250 mil pacientes com traumatismo craniano, e a cada ano ocorre óbito de aproximadamente 60 mil pacientes decorrente deste tipo de trauma. Aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes que sobrevivem a traumas cranianos têm sequelas significativas como déficit motor e cognitivo, trazendo grande impacto socioeconômico e emocional aos pacientes e seus familiares. As opções terapêuticas disponíveis na maioria das vezes como a hipotermia, manutenção da glicemia, hiperventilação, quando empregadas de forma correta melhoram o prognóstico dos pacientes com TCE. Considerando os altos gastos em saúde e para a sociedade com sua alta mortalidade, é preciso cada vez mais investigar novas formas de tratamento e elaborar protocolos e revisões sobre TCE, visando condutas diretas e concisas no trauma cranioencefálico. CONCLUSÃO: O TCE é uma situação comum no cotidiano médico, sendo responsável por altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade em todo o mundo...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Define and update treatment protocols for victims of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in medical emergencies, for the diagnosis and early treatment. There is an increased interest in defining protocols and practicesof care for victims of head trauma, aiming not only the controland stabilization of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), but also all other parameters appropriate hemodynamic support for patients with TBI, aimed at reducing complications after trauma and the mortality rate. CONTENTS: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has great impact on population health in general, with notable importance in morbidity and in mortality in trauma, representing approximately 15% to 20% of deaths in people aged between 5 and 35 years and is responsible for 1% of all deaths in adults. In the United States are admitted per year, more than 250.000 patients withhead injury, and death occurs every year approximately 60.000 patients induced by this trauma. Approximately 60% of patients who survive head injuries have significant sequelae such as motorand cognitive deficits, bringing great socioeconomic and emotional impact on patients and their families. The therapeutic options available in most cases as hypothermia, maintaining glucose levels, hyperventilation, when used correctly improve the prognosis of patients with TBI. Considering the numerous health expenditures and to society with its high mortality, we must increasingly explore new ways of treatment and develop protocolsand reviews about TBI, direct and concise in order to conductthe head injury, minimizing the time spent on patient care. CONCLUSION: TBI is a common situation in daily practice, isresponsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide...

Tratamento com plasmaférese da glomerulosclerose segmentar focal recorrente após transplante renal. Relato de caso / Treatment with plasmapheresis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation applicant. Case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A glomerulosclerose segmentar e focal (GESF) é uma doença progressiva e sem tratamento curativo, levando ao longo da sua progressão à insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) e a outras complicações, sendo a plasmaférese um dos poucos recursos terapêuticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso em que a plasmaférese terapêutica foi utilizada durante o acompanhamento do paciente, mostrando a recorrência da doença mesmo em uso contínuo da plasmaférese. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, diagnosticado com GESF e importante comprometimento da função renal, submetido a transplante com posterior rejeição e piora do quadro, sendo submetido à seções periódicas de plasmaférese frente a constante piora clínica e às poucas opções terapêuticas. CONCLUSÃO: Ainda controversa, a plasmaférese é indicada no tratamento da GESF recorrente. A intervenção precoce em pacientes transplantados com GESF recorrente é capaz de mudar o prognóstico ao longo da evolução para IRC. Neste paciente não apresentou resposta satisfatória ao tratamento, mesmo sendo realizadas sessões pré e imediatamente após o segundo transplante e ao longo de seu acompanhamento com o objetivo de diminuir a proteinúria e a recorrência.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a progressive disease without curative treatment, bringing along their progression to chronic renal failure (CRF) and other complications, plasmapheresis one of the few therapeutic resources. The aim of this study was to report a case in which the plasma therapy was used during the monitoring of the patient showing recurrence of disease even in continuous use of plasmapheresis. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 13 years, diagnosed with FSGS with significant renal disease underwent renal transplant rejection and subsequent worsening of symptoms, underwent plasmapheresis front sections of the periodic steady worsening clinical and few therapeutic options. CONCLUSION: Still controversial, plasmapheresis is indicated for the treatment of FSGS. Early intervention in transplant patients with recurrent FSGS is capable of changing the prognosis during the evolution to CRF. The patient showed no satisfactory response to treatment with plasmapheresis, although sessions held before and immediately after the second transplant and throughout their follow in order to reduce proteinuria and the recurrence.

Hiponatremia: conduta na emergência / Hyponatremia: management in the emergency

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Definir e atualizar protocolos de tratamento e condutas em pacientes com hiponatremia na emergência médica com enfoque no diag¬nóstico causal da doença e métodos de correção do sódio sérico, consultando estudos de revisão sobre hiponatremia e distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos dos últimos 10 anos nas bases de dados LILACS, MedLine, BIREME, N England J Med e Lancet, a fim de estabelecer um protocolo de tratamento de hiponatremia na emergência. A grande prevalência da hiponatremia na emergência e como complicação aguda de inúmeras doenças, justificada pela grande dificuldade encontrada na correção dos eletrólitos de forma eficaz e que melhorem o prognóstico do paciente quando tratado precocemente. CONTEÚDO: A hiponatremia é caracterizada como o valor de sódio sérico menor que 136 mEq/L, sendo o distúrbio eletrolítico mais freqüentemente encontrado na prática clínica, presente em 6% dos pacientes internados. O tratamento da hiponatremia leva em consideração a classificação dos seus tipos, quanto a sua osmolalidade e em alguns casos à relação com a volemia do paciente, sendo feita na maioria dos casos de forma não controlada e com valores aproximados, não levando em conta outras características dos pacientes. Decorrente da grande dificuldade de se estabelecer a forma mais correta de se corrigir a volemia do paciente e a reposição do sódio, a elaboração de um guia de procedimentos e condutas a serem adotadas se justifica meio a grande prevalência da condição em pacientes portadores de doenças agudas e crônicas e frente à dificuldade de se estabelecer o tratamento mais efetivo nessas condições. As terapêuticas disponíveis seja a restrição hídrica, infusão de soluções ou uso de diuréticos são frequentemente ineficazes e com resultados nem sempre previsíveis, com potenciais efeitos secundários como a mielinólise pontina central. CONCLUSÃO: A hiponatremia é uma condição clínica comum na prática médica, sendo uma emergência responsável por altas taxas de complicações em pacientes internados. Pode manifestar-se de diferentes formas e devem ser prontamente reconhecidas pelo médico a fim de se estabelecer a correção do distúrbio eletrolítico, assim como iniciar o tratamento da doença de base do paciente. O objetivo de o tratamento ser a correção dos eletrólitos deve-se tratar cada individuo separadamente, levando em consideração as comorbidades e condições clínicas apresentadas no momento do tratamento.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Define and up-date treatment protocols and behaviors in patients with hyponatremia in medical emergencies with focus on casual diagnosis of the disease and methods of correction of serum sodium rising review articles on hyponatremia and electrolyte disturbances in the last 10 years in databases such as LILACS, MedLine, N England J Med, and Lancet in order to establish a protocol for treatment of hyponatremia in the emergency. The high prevalence of hyponatremia in emergency and as a complication of many acute diseases, justified by the great difficulties encountered by medical in the correction of electrolyte effectively and to improve the prognosis when treated early. CONTENTS: Hyponatremia is characterized as the value of serum sodium less than 136 mEq/L, being the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice, affecting 6% of hospitalized patients. The treatment of hyponatremia takes into account the classification of types of hyponatremia and its osmolality and in some cases the relationship with the patient blood volume, being made in most cases in an un¬ controlled way and with approximate values, not taking into account other features patients. Due to the great difficulty in establishing the best thing to correct the patient?s blood volume replacement and sodium, the preparation of a guide to procedures and measures to be adopted is justified through the wide prevalence of the condition in patients with acute and chronic and facing difficulty in establishing the most effective treatment in these conditions. The available treatment is fluid restriction, infusion solu¬tions or diuretics are often ineffective and results not always predictable, with potential side effects such as central pon¬tine myelinolysis. CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia is a common clinical problem in medical practice, and an emergency responsible for high rates of complications in hospitalized patients. Hy¬ponatremia can manifest itself in different ways and should be readily recognized by the physician in order to establish the correction of electrolyte disturbances, and initiate treatment of the underlying disease of the patient. Even the goal of treatment is correction of electrolytes should be to treat each individual separately, taking into account comorbidities and clinical conditions presented at the time of treatment.(AU)